The Evidence.

Research from Australia and around the world shows women are less likely to receive bystander CPR in a public place and defibrillation.

Abstract 1

Munot et al., 2024

Sex-related disparity in bystander response and survival outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in New South Wales (NSW)

View Abstract

Abstract 2

Bray et al., 2025

Sex differences in bystander intervention and survival in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA): Insights from the Aus-ROC Australia and New Zealand OHCA Epistry

View Abstract

Abstract 3

Kiyohara et al., 2020

Women of childbearing age in Japan were significantly less likely than men to receive bystander CPR following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

View Abstract

Abstract 4

Catalisano et al., 2025

An international systematic review confirmed that women consistently receive bystander CPR and AED intervention less often than men, particularly in public settings.

View Abstract

Abstract 5

Perman et al., 2019

Public perceptions suggest that fears about touching a woman's chest, removing clothing, causing injury and concerns about inappropriate contact contribute to lower rates of bystander CPR for women.

View Abstract

Abstract 6

Szabo et al., 2024

The authors argue that disparities in CPR for women represent a gender and healthcare equity issue, calling for gender-responsive CPR education, research and public policy.

View Abstract